Ariane RISC-V CPU

Ariane is a 6-stage, single issue, in-order CPU which implements the 64-bit RISC-V instruction set. It fully implements I, M, A and C extensions as specified in Volume I: User-Level ISA V 2.3 as well as the draft privilege extension 1.10. It implements three privilege levels M, S, U to fully support a Unix-like operating system. Furthermore it is compliant to the draft external debug spec 0.13.

It has configurable size, separate TLBs, a hardware PTW and branch-prediction (branch target buffer and branch history table). The primary design goal was on reducing critical path length.

Publication

If you use Ariane in your academic work you can cite us:

@article{8777130,
   author={F. {Zaruba} and L. {Benini}},
   journal={IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems},
   title={The Cost of Application-Class Processing: Energy and Performance Analysis of a Linux-Ready 1.7-GHz 64-Bit RISC-V Core in 22-nm FDSOI Technology},
   year={2019},
   volume={27},
   number={11},
   pages={2629-2640},
   doi={10.1109/TVLSI.2019.2926114},
   ISSN={1557-9999},
   month={Nov},
}

Table of Contents

• Ariane RISC-V CPU
• Table of Contents
  • Getting Started
    • Running User-Space Applications
  • FPGA Emulation
    • Programming the Memory Configuration File
    • Preparing the SD Card
    • Generating a Bitstream
    • Debugging
    • Preliminary Support for OpenPiton Cache System
  • Planned Improvements
  • Going Beyond
    • CI Testsuites and Randomized Constrained Testing with Torture
    • Re-generating the Bootcode (ZSBL)
    • Co-simulation with Dromajo
• Contributing
• Acknowledgements

Created by gh-md-toc

Getting Started

Go and get the RISC-V tools. Make sure that your RISCV environment variable points to your RISC-V installation (see the RISC-V tools and related projects for further information).

Checkout the repository and initialize all submodules

$ git clone https://github.com/pulp-platform/ariane.git
$ git submodule update --init --recursive

Build the Verilator model of Ariane by using the Makefile:

$ make verilate

To build the verilator model with support for vcd files run

$ make verilate DEBUG=1

This will create a C++ model of the core including a SystemVerilog wrapper and link it against a C++ testbench (in the tb subfolder). The binary can be found in the work-ver and accepts a RISC-V ELF binary as an argument, e.g.:

$ work-ver/Variane_testharness rv64um-v-divuw

The Verilator testbench makes use of the riscv-fesvr. This means that you can use the riscv-tests repository as well as riscv-pk out-of-the-box. As a general rule of thumb the Verilator model will behave like Spike (exception for being orders of magnitudes slower).

Both, the Verilator model as well as the Questa simulation will produce trace logs. The Verilator trace is more basic but you can feed the log to spike-dasm to resolve instructions to mnemonics. Unfortunately value inspection is currently not possible for the Verilator trace file.

$ spike-dasm < trace_hart_00.dasm > logfile.txt

Running User-Space Applications

It is possible to run user-space binaries on Ariane with riscv-pk (link).

$ mkdir build
$ cd build
$ ../configure --prefix=$RISCV --host=riscv64-unknown-elf
$ make
$ make install

Then to run a RISC-V ELF using the Verilator model do:

$ echo '
#include <stdio.h>

int main(int argc, char const *argv[]) {
    printf("Hello Ariane!\\n");
    return 0;
}' > hello.c
$ riscv64-unknown-elf-gcc hello.c -o hello.elf

$ make verilate
$ work-ver/Variane_testharness $RISCV/riscv64-unknown-elf/bin/pk hello.elf

If you want to use QuestaSim to run it you can use the following command:

$ make sim elf-bin=$RISCV/riscv64-unknown-elf/bin/pk target-options=hello.elf  batch-mode=1

Be patient! RTL simulation is way slower than Spike. If you think that you ran into problems you can inspect the trace files.

FPGA Emulation

We currently only provide support for the Genesys 2 board. We provide pre-build bitstream and memory configuration files for the Genesys 2 here.

Tested on Vivado 2018.2. The FPGA SoC currently contains the following peripherals:

• DDR3 memory controller
• SPI controller to conncet to an SDCard
• Ethernet controller
• JTAG port (see debugging section below)
• Bootrom containing zero stage bootloader and device tree.

The ethernet controller and the corresponding network connection is still work in progress and not functional at the moment. Expect some updates soon-ish.

Programming the Memory Configuration File

• Open Vivado
• Open the hardware manager and open the target board (Genesys II - xc7k325t)
• Tools - Add Configuration Memory Device
• Select the following Spansion SPI flash s25fl256xxxxxx0
• Add ariane_xilinx.mcs
• Press Ok. Flashing will take a couple of minutes.
• Right click on the FPGA device - Boot from Configuration Memory Device (or press the program button on the FPGA)

Preparing the SD Card

The first stage bootloader will boot from SD Card by default. Get yourself a suitable SD Card (we use this one). Either grab a pre-built Linux image from here or generate the Linux image yourself following the README in the ariane-sdk repository. Prepare the SD Card by following the "Booting from SD card" section in the ariane-sdk repository.

Connect a terminal to the USB serial device opened by the FTDI chip e.g.:

$ screen /dev/ttyUSB0 115200

Default baudrate set by the bootlaoder and Linux is 115200.

After you've inserted the SD Card and programmed the FPGA you can connect to the serial port of the FPGA and should see the bootloader and afterwards Linux booting. Default username is root, no password required.

Generating a Bitstream

To generate the FPGA bitstream (and memory configuration) yourself for the Genesys II board run:

$ make fpga

This will produce a bitstream file and memory configuration file (in fpga/work-fpga) which you can permanently flash by running the above commands.

Debugging

You can debug (and program) the FPGA using OpenOCD. We provide two example scripts for OpenOCD below.

To get started, connect the micro USB port that is labeled with JTAG to your machine. This port is attached to the FTDI 2232 USB-to-serial chip on the Genesys 2 board, and is usually used to access the native JTAG interface of the Kintex-7 FPGA (e.g. to program the device using Vivado). However, the FTDI chip also exposes a second serial link that is routed to GPIO pins on the FPGA, and we leverage this to wire up the JTAG from the RISC-V debug module.

If you are on an Ubuntu based system you need to add the following udev rule to /etc/udev/rules.d/99-ftdi.rules

SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ACTION=="add", ATTRS{idProduct}=="6010", ATTRS{idVendor}=="0403", MODE="664", GROUP="plugdev"

Once attached to your system, the FTDI chip should be listed when you type lsusb:

Bus 005 Device 019: ID 0403:6010 Future Technology Devices International, Ltd FT2232C/D/H Dual UART/FIFO IC

If this is the case, you can go on and start openocd with the fpga/ariane.cfg configuration file:

$ openocd -f fpga/ariane.cfg
Open On-Chip Debugger 0.10.0+dev-00195-g933cb87 (2018-09-14-19:32)
Licensed under GNU GPL v2
For bug reports, read
    http://openocd.org/doc/doxygen/bugs.html
adapter speed: 1000 kHz
Info : auto-selecting first available session transport "jtag". To override use 'transport select <transport>'.
Info : clock speed 1000 kHz
Info : TAP riscv.cpu does not have IDCODE
Info : datacount=2 progbufsize=8
Info : Examined RISC-V core; found 1 harts
Info :  hart 0: XLEN=64, misa=0x8000000000141105
Info : Listening on port 3333 for gdb connections
Ready for Remote Connections
Info : Listening on port 6666 for tcl connections
Info : Listening on port 4444 for telnet connections
Info : accepting 'gdb' connection on tcp/3333

Then you will be able to either connect through telnet or with gdb:

$ riscv64-unknown-elf-gdb /path/to/elf
(gdb) target remote localhost:3333
(gdb) load
Loading section .text, size 0x6508 lma 0x80000000
Loading section .rodata, size 0x900 lma 0x80006508
(gdb) b putchar
(gdb) c
Continuing.

Program received signal SIGTRAP, Trace/breakpoint trap.
0x0000000080009126 in putchar (s=72) at lib/qprintf.c:69
69    uart_sendchar(s);
(gdb) si
0x000000008000912a  69    uart_sendchar(s);
(gdb) p/x $mepc
$1 = 0xfffffffffffdb5ee

You can read or write device memory by using:

(gdb) x/i 0x1000
    0x1000: lui t0,0x4
(gdb) set {int} 0x1000 = 22
(gdb) set $pc = 0x1000

Preliminary Support for OpenPiton Cache System

Ariane has preliminary support for the OpenPiton distributed cache system from Princeton University. To this end, a different L1 cache subsystem (src/cache_subsystem/wt_cache_subsystem.sv) has been developed that follows a write-through protocol and that has support for cache invalidations and atomics.

The corresponding integration patches will be released on OpenPiton GitHub repository. Check the README in that repository to see how to use Ariane in the OpenPiton setting.

To activate the different cache system, compile your code with the macro WT_DCACHE (set by default).

Planned Improvements

Check-out the issue tab which also loosely tracks planned improvements.

Going Beyond

The core has been developed with a full licensed version of QuestaSim. If you happen to have this simulator available yourself here is how you could run the core with it.

To specify the test to run use (e.g.: you want to run rv64ui-p-sraw inside the tmp/risc-tests/build/isa folder:

$ make sim elf-bin=path/to/rv64ui-p-sraw

If you call sim with batch-mode=1 it will run without the GUI. QuestaSim uses riscv-fesvr for communication as well.

CI Testsuites and Randomized Constrained Testing with Torture

We provide two CI configuration files for Travis CI and GitLab CI that run the RISCV assembly tests, the RISCV benchmarks and a randomized RISCV Torture test. The difference between the two is that Travis CI runs these tests only on Verilator, whereas GitLab CI runs the same tests on QuestaSim and Verilator.

If you would like to run the CI test suites locally on your machine, follow any of the two scripts ci/travis-ci-emul.sh and ci/travis-ci-emul.sh (depending on whether you have QuestaSim or not). In particular, you have to get the required packages for your system, the paths in ci/path-setup.sh to match your setup, and run the installation and build scripts prior to running any of the tests suites.

Once everything is set up and installed, you can run the tests suites as follows (using Verilator):

$ make verilate
$ make run-asm-tests-verilator
$ make run-benchmarks-verilator

In order to run randomized Torture tests, you first have to generate the randomized program prior to running the simulation:

$ ./ci/get-torture.sh
$ make torture-gen
$ make torture-rtest-verilator

This runs the randomized program on Spike and on the RTL target, and checks whether the two signatures match. The random instruction mix can be configured in the ./tmp/riscv-torture/config/default.config file.

Ariane can dump a trace-log in Questa which can be easily diffed against Spike with commit log enabled. In include/ariane_pkg.sv set:

localparam bit ENABLE_SPIKE_COMMIT_LOG = 1'b1;

This runs the randomized program on Spike and on the RTL target, and checks whether the two signatures match. The random instruction mix can be configured in the ./tmp/riscv-torture/config/default.config file. This will dump a file called trace_hart_*_*_commit.log.

This can be helpful for debugging long traces (e.g.: torture traces). To compile Spike with the commit log feature do:

$ apt-get install device-tree-compiler
$ mkdir build
$ cd build
$ ../configure --prefix=$RISCV --with-fesvr=$RISCV --enable-commitlog
$ make
$ [sudo] make install

Memory Preloading

In standard configuration the debug module will take care of loading the memory content. It will also handle communication with riscv-fesvr. Depending on the scenario this might not be diserable (e.g.: preloading of a large elf or linux boot in simulation). You can use the preload elf flag to specify the path to a binary which will be preloaded.

You will loose all riscv-fesvr communcation like sytemcalls and eoc capabilities.

$ make sim preload=elf

Re-generating the Bootcode (ZSBL)

The zero stage bootloader (ZSBL) for RTL simulation lives in bootrom/ while the bootcode for the FPGA is in fpga/src/bootrom. The RTL bootcode simply jumps to the base of the DRAM where the FSBL takes over. For the FPGA the ZSBL performs additional housekeeping. Both bootloader pass the hartid as well as address to the device tree in argumen register a0 and a1 respectively.

To re-generate the bootcode you can use the existing makefile within those directories. To generate the SystemVerilog files you will need the bitstring python package installed on your system.

Co-simulation with Dromajo

Ariane can be co-simulated with Dromajo (currently in the verilator model).

make verilate DROMAJO=1
make run-dromajo-verilator BIN=/path/to/elf

The co-simulation flow is depicted in the figure below.

1. Load the binary of interest into Dromajo.
2. Run Dromajo stand alone and let a couple of instructions to complete.
3. Dump the checkpoint. This is the whole architectural state of the reference model. Dromajo dumps the main and boot memories. In addition, it generates a boot code. If you were to run that code it will restore the whole architectural state. This means that you can bring any two or more cores into complete synced architectural state by running this piece of code.
4. Load the checkpoint into the RTL memory and the instance of Dromajo in RTL. Dromajo gets linked to a simulator as a shared library. RTL communicates to Dromajo through set of DPI calls.
5. Run the RTL simulation and perform co-simulation.

Contributing

Check out the contribution guide

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Gian Marti, Thomas Kramer and Thomas E. Benz for implementing the PLIC.